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Berkeley FilesThe links to the "Berkeley Files" are to a website created some years ago at the University of California, Berkeley, where a considerable amount of research has been done on metaphor. The Berkeley site contains hundreds of metaphors, listed alphabetically by Target and by Source Domains. I have sorted them according to Source Domains in the clusters created here. Most of the Berkeley metaphors seem to fit in one or another of the clusters. However, there are an interesting group that do not; see Other Berkeley Metaphors.
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Other Berkeley Metaphors |
AgentAn Agent originates a cause and can be conceptualized metaphorically as a human or something able to apply force much as a human wouldExamples: He brought it to a head; she pushed her plan; the attorney's comments sent a chill; his forecast projected prosperity for another year; can you give us a chance? his action takes away from his words).
See Typical Metaphor Elements.
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Affected PartyAn effect is a change of state of the Affected Entity and is conceptualized metaphorically as a movement of the Affected Entity to another Location or into or out of a bounded regionExamples: What would motivate him to cooperate? I think the award gave him a lift.
See Typical Metaphor Elements.
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Force or MovementA cause is conceptualized metaphorically as a Force, involving movement. It is conceptualized as a human or something able to apply force much as a human would.
See the Metaphor Cluster Moving/Locomotion for an expanded account of
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ObstaclesDifficulties are conceptualized metaphorically as obstacles or impediments while moving; freedom is conceptualized metaphorically as no obstacles or impediments; enabling is absence or removal of obstacles.Explore Obstacles or difficulties: What is slowing, burdening or stopping? Is something in the way? Obstacles are different from locations or containers. Obstacles might be climbed over, moved away, etc.
A broader conceptualiztion of Obstacles can be found in the Metaphor Cluster Moving/Locomotion, particularly Ease/Obstructed.
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Ontological DistinctionsDISTINCTIONSIn one version of the clusters (not shown at present) I attempted to create distinctions here between Objects, Events and Past events. It really should be Subjects (Agents), Objects (Patients/Affected entities), Events (active voice for Subjects, passive for Objects - note discrepancy in the way Object is used in Berkeley terms, and as the recipient of action).
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Clusters and Typical Metaphor ElementsELEMENTSThe elements of a metaphor may change the applicability of certain metaphors. The question is, is a given metaphor really different depending on which elements are present?
Notes on Location/Container CLUSTER
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Source & Target as Referenced in ClustersTARGET TERMINOLOGY IN CLUSTERSMany, maybe most of the terms in a cluster list are the kinds of words you will hear during a description of the problem or dispute. They may be the words that are figurative. (E.g., "Stage" is understood metaphorically as one of a series of locations that are near, and on the way to a destination. So the heading might be Journey, Path, Process...) Somehow we need to instruct the user to look to the list headings for clues to the Source domain.
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Metaphor Cluster NotesRight now this page is a collection of notes to guide development. They may not make sense to others.
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Elements of Cause & EffectElements of Cause and Effect are described here, with links to the Metaphor Clusters related to each element.Causation is metaphorically understood as the application of physical force to produce motion or change.
A cause is conceptualized metaphorically as a Force, involving movement
An Agent originates a cause and can be conceptualized metaphorically as a human or something able to apply force much as a human would
An effect is a change of state of the Affected Entity and is conceptualized metaphorically as a movement of the Affected Entity to another Location or into or out of a bounded region
Agents, Affected Entities, Locations and Possessions are often conceptualized metaphorically as Containers (bounded two- or three-dimensional spaces); containers have insides and outsides, have certain things, characteristics, dynamics inside as distinct from others outside, the "walls" of the container may be strong, weak, have windows, doors, etc., containers may be light, dark, deep, shallow, spacious, restricted, etc. See Event Sequence for additional understanding.
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Locations |
PossessionsPossessions are objects or entities acquired or lost (things or objects which can be brought to, given to, carried away, taken away from the Affected Entity).Identify if objects or possessions are moving toward or away from someone. See the Metaphor Cluster Objects/Structuring to get a broader account of Possessions.
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