Use of bodily movement as a So e to balance gains and l Look for l mediators realized t e the approaches of w a considerable obsta n is a flexible proce Turn and look at...
Adjust our [all metaphorically understand Discussions are Locations/Terr e mediator o look for agreements... n the discussion did turn n that case, I

Use of bodily movement as a Source Domain follows "the embodiment hypotheses" and particularly Lakoff and Johnson's (1999) account of Primary Conceptual Metaphor. This sharpens our focus onto metaphors of common bodily movement patterns, movement in space and with constraints (including obstacles and gravity), and handling or manipulating objects. The rules, prescriptions and prohibitions are those of our own bodies. Ordinary language is full of allusion to these patterns.

Balancing

"strive to balance gains and losses for all parties..."
"the risk of inaccurately assessing the balance of power."
"...what if the other negotiator deceives you or tries to throw you off balance?"

"The first thing to do in almost all intense interactions is to try to get as centered... as possible."
"Discussions would center on the strengths and weaknesses of each..."
"mediation does not center on solving the..."
"...a person's sense of stability and order, particularly in the midst of confusing and threatening situations."
"...emotional stability..."
"...the other negotiator deceives you or tries to throw you off balance" [Mediation is Jousting]

Body Movement / Object Manipulation

4) Primarily be aware of some major metaphor groups, examples of which are found throughout expert descriptions of mediation -- Body Movement, Force Dynamics, and Container metaphors. These structure the generic metaphor structure for war, journey, human problem solving... [while these more familiar metaphor names seem to offer broader organizing schema, actually they have many entailments collected from diverse cases and may not apply in this case; the generic structure is basic to all cases and might better be described as the organizing schema]

(5) Taking Body Movement/Object Manipulation, say a bit about things the body does, how much we learn through our lives about body movement. Give some simple examples (e.g., we take this divorce process step by step; emotions sometimes burst out).

(6) Ask for spontaneous guesses as to what other very common body movement-related source domains might be interesting (this step depends heavily on everyone having grasped source/target domain distinctions and basic metaphor structure).

(7) Go to Body Movement page and illustrate: Targets may be the mediation process, the particular issue, the methods used by a mediator, etc. Sources found in the expert literature on mediation are shown and discussed to give more ideas of how this metaphor category can be instructive to become familiar with.

Also, be aware about how these metaphors structure the scope and point of view taken by mediators about how they should mediate. For example, it is most common to discuss the issues being negotiated as things to see clearly, to have a point of view about, to focus on, etc. Much less common are the rich metaphors of using the ears (e.g., the rhythm, the tone, story as told, harmony...).

So we can talk about how some body metaphors are dominant and other body metaphors are not (or other metaphor systems are not used) and we can also begin to talk about the entailments of the metaphors used, and how extentions can be
made using other, as yet unmentioned entailments.

Do not overlook the broader schematic metaphors that are based on body movement, e.g., journey, war, sports; on force dynamics, e.g., causation; on containers, e.g, emotions, psychodynamics, definitions with implications for rules, parts of construction.

Body Movement/ Object Manipulation

Look for "body" and "movement" words;

Also note how what is included may tend to block or supplant other metaphors from the same general domain.

And that entirely different source domains could have been used.

Simple extensions are possible...

Finally, larger-scale schematic metaphors are based on these more generic ones.

Controlling

"Skillful mediators realized the power of the facilitator: by controlling process, they affected outcome."
"...they had failed in their goal of controlling the conflict and getting agreement..."
"...an emotional reaction... if not controlled, it can result in a violent quarrel."
"...her ability to keep control in the parties' hands." **

Coordi- nating

"Coordinate the approaches of the parties..."

Detecting

Ease/ Difficulty

"...throw a considerable obstacle in the path of finding a solution." [Solutions are Destinations; Difficulties in Reaching Solution are Obstacles in Path; Difficulties are Throwable (Moveable) Objects]
"...throw in a little monkey wrench of my own." [Behavior in Mediation is Object to be Thrown]

Fitting

"Mediation is a flexible process which should fit the context of the dispute..." [Mediation Process is Part to Fit]

Focus on the parties' underlying interests

Turn and look at...
Adjust our lense to see clearly...
Move aside everything else so we can see...

Focus on what is underneath...
Focus on the base (basis) of...
Look at the part of the dispute that's alive, animated, has legs.

Hand- Handling

[all metaphorically understand issues, bargaining, ideas as things in your hands that you have use of or discard]

"...consider what problem-solving technique should be applied to handle a dispute."
"the procedure that will be used to handle a topic area or particular issues."
"adherents of each point of view handle conflicts in somewhat different ways."

Locations Territory

Discussions are Locations/Territory; evaluations of Legitimate Statements are Subdivisions (bounded regions).
"If mediators walk into each session with even a small set of such signposts in mind, they are more likely to see the whole range... [Mediation is a Territory requiring a Map or set of directions to see alternative places to go]

(Journey schema uses locations and territory, where locations are starting points, destination; territory is ground covered, etc.)

Metaphors From Expert Literature on Mediation

Moving

"...the mediator's last move before..."
"At every move by the mediator to pursue one point or issue..."
"...a productive response can usually be made to move conflict along a constructive path."
"Each 'next move' depends on what the parties do in response to his prior move..."
"...helping disputants move toward resolution...."
"Each move you make within a negotiation ... helps structure the rules of the game you are playing."
"The party has moved into an acceptable range of options."

"...they try to trip him up."
"the mediators' attempts to move them to places..."

Seeing

"...to look for agreements..."

Source Domain

The logic, meaning and understanding of the Source Domain is made available through metaphor. The Metaphor is "apt" to the degree that it has corresponding elements and relationships. Once this Source Domain is available, transfer occurs back to the Target Domain.

Target Domain

The Target Domain is what is being focused on now. What is of concern is within this domain - the situation you face now.

Turning

"When the discussion did turn to..."

Walking

"in that case, I'm walking a very thin line..." [Behavior in mediation is Walking a line - staying in bounded territory]
"Skirting discussion in a negotiation..." [Discussion is a Path; Topics are People Wearing Skirts so not to be seen or must be walked around]
"If you are walking out on clearly legitimate grounds..." [(Topics of)
"Think of what you would like to walk out of the meeting with." [Mediation is a place to acquire things]
"Dragging one's feet, threatening to walk out, stonewalling, and other such tactics become commonplace." [Mediation is a Territory through which disputants walk together; one can walk slowly, put up walls to impede travel or presumably walk briskly, energetically towards resolution, clearing the way for each other]


Axon File: c:\axon2005\metares\expertbodymove.xon
Last modified: Tuesday, May 04, 2004 12:54:10 PM